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Air Warfare and International Humanitarian Law

Air Warfare and International Humanitarian Law

Mateusz Piątkowski

EЛЕКТРОННА КНИГА
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Military aviation is a one of most crucial elements of the warfare, both past and present. Vet, the legal ramifications of the air warfare are scattered due to the lack of a treaty comprehensively regulating the conduct of aerial operations during the armed conflicts. This monograph aims to present the history of air warfare, and the corresponding development of the law of air warfare, from the beginnings of the military aviation to the era of unmanned and autonomous aircrafts.

This book is a translation into English of the monography Wojna powietrzna a międzynarodowe prawo humanitarne {Wydawnictwo Uniwerystetu Łódzkiego, Łódź 2021). Project was financed by state budget funds from the Ministry of Education and Science (Poland) under the program "Doskonała nauka II. Wsparcie monografii naukowych", number MONOG/SP/0055/2023/01. The book was updated by the relevant observation arising out of the armed conflicts ongoing in the Ukraine and the Middle East.

Introduction         15

Selection of the main subject of the monograph                17

Structure of the study           20

Objectives and main theses of the study             22

Research methodology        23

 

Chapter I. The phenomenon of air warfare from the beginnings of military aviation to the present day           25

  1. Definition of air warfare 25
  2. Air warfare from a historical perspective       29
  3. The doctrine of air warfare in the inter-war period       38
  4. Aviation in the interwar period       52
  5. An overview of the operations of air forces during World War    53
  6. Post-war use of air force                 68
  7. Armed conflict in Vietnam – a new perspective on the use of air force      73
  8. Contemporary Air Warfare             85
  9. Aviation in the War on Terror         100
  10. Conclusions    112

 

Chapter II. The laws of air warfare and their sources       117

  1. Preliminary remarks        117
  2. Definition of the law of air warfare                 117
  3. Definition of a military aircraft       118
  4. Generations of the law of air warfare            119
  5. Sources of the law of air warfare   121
  6. International standards for the protection of human rights as a source of the rules of air warfare             155

 

Chapter III. Material scope of the law of air warfare        167

  1. Preliminary remarks        167
  2. War as an institution of international law     167
  3. A historical look at the definition of war        168
  4. From “war” to “armed conflict”     171
  5. Air raid and its role in defining the boundaries of the temporal applicability of international humanitarian law      175
  6. Examples of unilateral armed incidents involving aviation            176
  7. Subjective theory of armed conflict                181
  8. Objective theory of armed conflict Controversies related to the moment of its establishment and the criterion of intensity 184
  9. Subjective and objective elements of an armed conflict               189
  10. Conclusions   198
  11. Temporal scope of international humanitarian law   199
  12. Non-International Air Warfare    209
  13. Non-international armed conflict                 210
  14. The status of the crew of a military aircraft in a non-international armed conflict  214
  15. Geographical scope of application of the law of air warfare      217

 

Chapter IV. Development of the law of air warfare           223

  1. The law of air warfare as part of the so-called Hague law. Preliminary remarks         223
  2. Otto von Bismarck’s dispatch of November 18, 1870   227
  3. The law of artillery bombardment 229
  4. The Brussels Conference of 1874   233
  5. The Laws of War on Land drafted by the Institute of International Law     236
  6. An attempt to delegalize air warfare – The Hague 1899                237
  7. The Draft of the Institute of International Law on Bombardment of Open Towns by Naval Forces 1896           240
  8. Land-based and naval bombardment – The Hague 1899              241
  9. Legal status of airspace at the beginning of the 20th century      244
  10. The first draft by Paul Fauchille from 1902  245
  11. The International Law of Air Warfare drafted by Paul Fauchille in 1902    249
  12. The Session of the Institute of International Law in Ghent in 1906             252
  13. The development of aviation law before World War I                  254
  14. Development of the principle of exclusive state sovereignty in airspace   257
  15. The Second Hague Peace Conference of 1907              258
  16. Session of the Institute of International Law in 1910  270
  17. Session of the Institute of International Law in 1911  272
  18. Paul Fauchille’s draft law of air warfare       273
  19. Commentary to the draft of air warfare code of 1911                  277
  20. Le Moyne’s draft law of air warfare              278
  21. A draft law of air warfare by James M. Spaight             280
  22. Regulation of the legal status of airspace in the years 1911–1918              284
  23. Erosion of the immunity of undefended cities              288
  24. Criticism of Article 25 of the Hague Regulations of 1907. Discussion of the legal status of London as a defended city        288
  25. World War I – French doctrine and air bombing          291
  26. Article 25 of the Hague Regulations of 1907 and its significance in air warfare         294

27. Paul Fauchille’s Air Bombing initiative           295

28. Attack on Liepāja, January 29, 1915              298

29. A casuist approach to the theory of military objective                 298

 

Chapter V. The Hague Rules of Air Warfare and their impact on the law of air warfare during World War II  – the state of the law of air warfare in the years 1945–1972       301

  1. Experiences of World War I – air warfare from a legal perspective. Status of the Fourteenth Hague Declaration of 1907          301
  2. The Washington Conference on the Limitation of Armaments 1921–1922 303
  3. Air warfare at the Washington Conference on the Limitation of Armaments              305
  4. 1923 Hague Rules of Air Warfare   306
  5. The law of air bombing in the 1923 regulation               320
  6. Flaws of the 1923 Hague Rules of Air Warfare               330
  7. Reception of the 1923 Hague Rules of Air Warfare in the International Law Doctrine          334
  8. The Doctrine of International Law and the Theory of Military Objective     341
  9. Other issues addressed under the 1923 Hague Rules of Air Warfare           344

10. Report of ICRC experts from 1930                  350

11. Prague Congress of 1922. Air warfare and international aviation law        353

12. World Disarmament Conference of 1932–1934 in Geneva          354

13. International Law Association (ILA)                362

  1. ICRC Draft Convention of 1934     368
  2. The League of Nations and the issue of air warfare     370
  3. Resolution of the League of Nations of 1938 on aerial bombardment (Protection of Civilian Populations against Bombing from the Air in Case of War)             373
  4. Study by A. Henry-Coüannier         382
  5. Attempts to ratify the 1923 Document         384
  6. Examples of the implementation of the 1923 Hague Rules of Air Warfare into military regulations     389
  7. Did the 1923 Hague Rules of Air Warfare obtain customary status before September 1, 1939?               397
  8. World War II and the state of compliance with the norms of the law of air war       401
  9. Reprisals in air warfare as a justification for total air war            410
  10. Status of the Law of Air Warfare in the Initial Period of World War II        415
  11. The collapse of the norms governing air warfare during World War II       418
  12. ICRC during World War II               424
  13. ICRC New Delhi Draft of 1956        425
  14. The Doctrine of International Law in Relation to the Phenomenon of Unlimited Air War         431

 

Chapter VI. Air warfare law in light of AP I        437

  1. General Remarks              437
  2. Definition of the concept of civilian population. The issue of quasi-combatants        439
  3. Area bombing in AP I      445
  4. Prohibition of indiscriminate attacks in AP I  450
  5. Rule of proportionality in AP I        459
  6. Definition of attack         474
  7. Interpretative declarations to the content of AP I         477
  8. Definition of military objectives in AP I          478
  9. Protection of cultural assets           504

10. Environmental protection and the law of air warfare 508

11. Protection of special type infrastructure      511

12. Precautions    516

13. The status of non-defended areas                 528

14. The Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949 and the Law of Air War                 536

15. The Third Geneva Convention of 1949 and the Law of Air War  538

  1. The Second Geneva Convention of 1949      542
  2. Relation of AP I to earlier norms of air bombardment law          542
  3. Limits of codification of the law of air warfare by AP I                 546

 

Chapter VII. Selected detailed aspects of the law of air warfare     551

  1. Preliminary comments   551
  2. Status of persons evacuating from a damaged aircraft in an emergency    551
  3. Perfidy, use of false markings         558
  4. Perfidy vs. ruses               564
  5. Camouflage in air warfare               568
  6. Markings of military aircraft           574
  7. Markings with reduced visibility. Markings of unmanned aerial vehicles    581
  8. The obligation of wearing military uniforms by the crew of a military aircraft            585
  9. Rules governing the legality of military aircraft armament           588
  10. Selected issues related to the use of aircraft armament              599
  11. Air warfare under international aviation law                617

 

Chapter VIII. Neutrality in air warfare                 623

  1. Neutrality in air warfare 623
  2. Neutrality in the context of air operations during World War II: the internment of flight crews and equipment     625
  3. Deliveries of aviation equipment and practice of neutral/non-participating states   629
  4. Neutrality after the adoption of the Charter of the United Nations             630
  5. Neutrality and being a party to an armed conflict        636

 

Chapter IX. Air warfare and international jurisprudence 639

  1. Preliminary comments   639
  2. The case of Lieutenants Walker and Smith – the use of incendiary ammunition in air warfare             639
  3. Judgement of the Greco-German Mixed Arbitral Tribunal in the Coenca Brothers v. Germany case and the judgement of the Romanian-German Mixed Arbitral Tribunal in Kiriadolou v. Germany     640
  4. The Lotus case and its impact on international humanitarian law                643
  5. Aerial bombardment during the Spanish Civil War       645
  6. Kommandobefehl             645
  7. The Essen Lynching case 646
  8. Enemy Airmen’s Act        647
  9. The sinking of the ship “Laconia”  649

10. The International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg       652

11. The International Military Tribunal for the Far East     660

12. Rendulic rule  664

13. Ryuichi Shimoda et al. v. The State                667

14. Advisory opinion of the ICJ of 1996               671

15. International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia          677

16. Report of the Committee to the ICTY Prosecutor on the NATO Bombing Campaign in Serbia in 1999                 695

17. The Goldstone Report   705

18. Libya 2011       708

19. Operation “Protective Edge”         709

20. Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission              713

21. The case of Col. Georg Klein           714

22. Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic        716

23. Report to the United States Congress on the course of action during the First Gulf War        717

24. The OSCE expert report under the so-called Moscow Mechanism concerning the course of military operations in Ukraine      719

25. Gaza 2023–2024             721

 

Chapter X. Unmanned operations and autonomy in air warfare     723

  1. Unmanned operations in air warfare             723
  2. Autonomy and future aerial warfare            731

 

Conclusion            759

References            765

Abbreviations       847

 

  • Назва:Air Warfare and International Humanitarian Law
  • Автор:Mateusz Piątkowski
  • ISBN:978-83-8331-748-9, 9788383317489
  • Дата видання:2025-11-19
  • Формат:Eлектронна книга
  • Ідентифікатор видання: e_4n3o
  • Видавець: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego