Arystoteles na nowo odczytany. Ryszarda Kilvingtona

Elżbieta Jung

 Książka jest efektem wieloletnich badań dotyczących historii nauki średniowiecznej, mianowicie początków fizyki matematycznej. Można w niej wyodrębnić dwie części: monografię, w której autorka odpowiada na pytanie, czy XIV-wieczna fizyka matematyczna, inspirowana nominalistyczną filozofią Wilhelma Ockhama, doprowadziła do zerwania z jakościową fizyką Arystotelesa już w wieku XIV, oraz – tłumaczenie Kwestii o ruchu Ryszarda Kilvingtona, jednego z twórców szkoły Oksfordzkich Kalkulatorów. Z pozycji nominalistycznej, z jednej strony odrzuca on dużą część podejmowanej przez Arystotelesa problematyki, z drugiej zaś, wypełniając obowiązki nauczycielskie na średniowiecznym uniwersytecie, poddaje teorie Stagiryty interpretacji pozwalającej odnaleźć w jego myśli elementy bliskie – jak się Kilvingtonowi wydaje – jego poglądom. W swoich kwestiach Kilvington podejmuje analizę zagadnienia zmian, rozumianych, zgodnie z definicją Arystotelesa, jako ruch przestrzenny, zmiany jakościowe oraz ilościowe w ujęciu nominalistycznym, czyniąc matematykę właściwym językiem opisu przyrody. Są one też rezultatem jego nauczania, czasami zapisu ćwiczeń odbywanych w klasie ze studentami, zatem tekst ten ma również walor historyczny, ponieważ pokazuje nam, jak wielkie wymagania stawiano studentom średniowiecznym i jak dobrze się z nich wywiązywali. Jakiego rodzaju były to „obliczenia” i jakie dzięki nim można osiągnąć rezultaty, Czytelnik dowie się z lektury książki.

Richard Kilvington\'s Quaestiones super libros Physicorum. A Critical Edition with an Introduction

Elżbieta Jung

In the late Middle Ages, natural philosophy focused primarily on the analysis of Aristotle's works, along with Averroes' commentaries. Among other works, Aristotle's Physics was taught at universities, and commentaries on it were the result of such classes. The present book is the result of the lectures of Richard Kilvington (ca. 1302-1361), one of the founders of the so-called School of Oxford Calculators, English scholars active in the mid-14th century. The volume contains a critical edition of Richard Kilvington's Questions on the Physics from Latin manuscripts, provided with footnotes referring to the sources used by Kilvington, as well as to the works of his contemporaries. The edition is preceded by an introduction presenting the arguments for the reconstruction of this commentary and the history of the manuscripts containing Kilvington's questions. This extensive commentary, which the author reconstructed on the basis of manuscript evidence, consists of eight so-called disputed questions. Kilvington discusses almost all the topics covered by Aristotle in his works on natural philosophy and the theory of knowledge, and logical considerations also occupy a considerable space. Kilvington is mainly interested in issues related to: the formation of complex material bodies, which occurs primarily in the process of mixing, the problem of describing the rules of local motion, and the conditions that determine such motion, i.e. the concepts of time, space, and vacuum. Kilvington's commentary is an original, sometimes innovative interpretation of the theories of Aristotle and Averroes. It was quoted many times and was an inspiration for contemporary and later thinkers. The research achievements of these thinkers contributed to the development of modern natural philosophy.

Towards the Modern Theory of Motion. Oxford Calculators and the new interpretation of Aristotle

Elżbieta Jung, Robert Podkoński

The problem of the continuity of science from the medieval to the modern times of the 17th century, when Galileo and Newton developed the correct theory of mechanics, occupied historians of science from the beginning of the 20th century. Some believe that the fourteenth-century English scholars who created the School of Oxford Calculators and their French and Italian followers. with their solutions, laid the foundations for the development of modern physics. Others believe that medieval natural philosophy made no contribution to the development of modern science. The presented book is a voice in this discussion and an attempt to answer the question about the continuity of science. Considering how much has been discovered, edited and written about the Oxford Calculators, the book reviews and compares the results of our research with works of the other historians' research into the intellectual heritage of these 14th century English thinkers in order to enrich and update the views on the Oxford Calculators' natural philosophy in perhaps its most fundamental aspect - at least from the point of view of Aristotle's philosophy - namely the subject of "science of local motion." The discussion are mostly focused on topics that were important to medieval thinkers and not those that could be most interesting from the modern point of view, and the research are directed on the Oxford Calculators' tradition in science toward a prospecting of the innovative character of their teaching, and here first of all against the background of Aristotelian theories, and then the subsequent search for possible innovations which could have inspired early modern scientists. As the conclusions of the research on the theories of Oxford calculators are still formulated mainly on the basis of analyzes of incomplete printed texts, the critical editions of Latin texts are offered. These are not only the most famous Calculators' works, such as William Heytesbury's De tribus praedicamentis: de motu locali or John Dumbleton's Part III of the Summa logicae et philosophiae naturalis, but also of a hither to unknown work by Richard Kilvington, i.e., his question on local motion and the question on local motion written by the anonymous author of the treatise De sex inconvenientibus.