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E-book details
Nakładem Wydawnictwa Instytutu Nauk Prawnych PAN ukazała się pierwsza elektroniczna monografia z serii: „Frontier Research” – publikacja dr Mariny Foltea pt. „EU-Tobacco Industry agreements and beyond”, będąca efektem realizacji projektu w programie PMI Impact.
Szacuje się że dochody fiskalne państw członkowskich UE ze z legalnej sprzedaży tytoniu wynoszą ponad 90 mld EUR rocznie. Jednocześnie nielegalny handel wyrobami tytoniowymi zagraża zdrowiu publicznemu i prowadzi do znacznych strat podatkowych dla rządów w wysokości ponad 10 mld EUR rocznie. Przemyt wyrobów tytoniowych podważa politykę zdrowia publicznego, stanowi główne źródło dochodów przestępczości zorganizowanej.
Podejmowane od około 2001 r. próby pociągnięcia do odpowiedzialności międzynarodowych producentów tytoniu za wyroby tytoniowe pochodzące z ich łańcuchów dostaw doprowadziły do zawarcia umów o współpracy z Unią Europejską (UE) i jej państwami członkowskimi. Porozumienia te przyczyniły się do znacznego ograniczenia nielegalnego handlu produktami tytoniowymi w Europie. Dynamika rynku spowodowała jednak zastąpienie produktów tych producentów podobnymi – nielegalnymi wyrobami.
W swojej monografii dr Marina Foltea poddała analizie rolę, jaką odegrały porozumienia branżowe w zwalczaniu nielegalnego handlu w UE, jak wygląda rzeczywistość po zawarciu umowy oraz jaka jest i jaka może być w przyszłości rola pozostałych lub podobnych umów na poziomie UE lub państw członkowskich. Wskazując na korzyści dla stron czterech umów branżowych (z Philip Morris International Inc. (PMI) z 9 lipca 2004 r.; z Japan Tobacco International (JTI) z 14 grudnia 2007 r.; z British American Tobacco Holdings (BAT) z 15 lipca 2010 r.; oraz z Imperial Tobacco Limited (ITL) z 27 września 2010 r.), autorka wskazała na ich krytykę oraz ocenę techniczną Komisji Europejskiej.
Ramowa konwencja WHO o ograniczeniu użycia tytoniu (FCTC) – zwłaszcza art. 5.3 – i jej późniejszy protokół w sprawie nielegalnego handlu (ITP) miały znaczący wpływ na rozwój współpracy UE i państw członkowskich z legalnym przemysłem tytoniowym. Pojawienie się szeregu nowych instrumentów zwalczania nielegalnego handlu, wymusił przegląd zawartych umów z producentami branży tytoniowej. Dalsze działania zostały określone w unijnej dyrektywie w sprawie wyrobów tytoniowych z 2014 r.
Zmiany te rodzą istotne pytania dotyczące dalszych działań: Jaka jest historia i jakie wnioski wyciąga się z umów branżowych? Czy ich korzyści są w pełni uwzględnione w TPD 2014? Czy nadal istnieje możliwość współpracy z legalnym przemysłem tytoniowym i jakie wyzwania należy pokonać w tym obszarze? Analizując obecne trendy dotyczące nielegalnego handlu wyrobami tytoniowymi w Unii Europejskiej, dr Foltea sformułowała zalecenia dotyczące optymalnych relacji między UE a podmiotami z branży przemysłu tytoniowego.
Publikacja wydana w modelu Open Access na licencji CC-BY 4.0 jest dostępna w e-Bibliotece Prawniczej.
Badania naukowe, których efektem jest prezentowana monografia, zostały sfinansowane przez PMI IMPACT – grantu przyznany przez Philip Morris International (PMI). W trakcie swoich badań autorka zachował pełną niezależność od PMI, a poglądy i opinie wyrażone w publikacji są poglądami zespołu badawczego realizującego grant i niekoniecznie odzwierciedlają poglądy PMI. Odpowiedzialność za informacje i poglądy wyrażone w publikacji spoczywa wyłącznie na autorze. Ani PMI, ani żaden z jego podmiotów stowarzyszonych, jak też osoba działająca w ich imieniu nie może ponosić odpowiedzialności za jakiekolwiek wykorzystanie informacji zawartych w niniejszym dokumencie.
Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS........................................................................................................ 5
FUNDING................................................................................................................................... 5
- INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................ 6
- The types of illicit trade in tobacco products in the EU............................................ 6
- The EU Commission and illicit trade in tobacco products....................................... 7
- The aim and structure of this study.............................................................................. 7
- THE HISTORY AND CONTENT OF THE FOUR INDUSTRY
AGREEMENTS.................................................................................................................. 9
-
- The history...................................................................................................................... 9
- Key forward-looking provisions of the PMI Agreement....................................... 10
- Other significant provisions and outcomes of the PMI Agreement...................... 11
- The subsequent Industry Agreements with JTI, BAT and ITL.............................. 12
- The amendments to the PMI Agreement.................................................................. 13
- BENEFITS OF THE FOUR INDUSTRY AGREEMENTS................................ 14
- The benefits to the EC and its Member States......................................................... 14
- The benefits to the four tobacco manufacturers...................................................... 14
- CRITICISMS OF THE FOUR AGREEMENTS.................................................... 16
- An introduction to the in-principle criticisms.......................................................... 16
- The criticisms and the responses by the Commission............................................. 17
- Criticism of co-operation with the tobacco industry.................................... 17
- Criticisms of the agreements............................................................................ 17
- Criticisms about transparency, accountability and oversight...................... 18
- Criticisms on the management of the agreements......................................... 19
- Criticisms related to reliance on the tobacco manufacturers....................... 19
- Criticisms related to the alleged effect of the agreements on illicit trade
in the EU............................................................................................................. 20
- THE TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE PMI AGREEMENT BY THE COMMISSION 21
- THE LEGAL RAMIFICATIONS OF ARTICLE 5.3 OF THE WHO FCTC.... 23
- The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC).................................... 24
- The negotiating history of Article 5.3............................................................. 24
- Comment on the wording of FCTC Article 5.3............................................. 26
- The development of the Article 5.3 Guidelines............................................. 27
- A note on the legal status of FCTC Guidelines.............................................. 27
- The context in which the Article 5.3 Guidelines were adopted................... 29
- FCTC Article 5.3 Guidelines as relevant to cooperation with the industry .. 29
- The measures listed in the FCTC Article 5.3 Guidelines............................. 30
- The key questions relating to measures and recommendations................... 31
- The Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products.................................. 32
- The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC).................................... 24
3
-
-
- The incorporation of FCTC Article 5.3 in the Illicit Trade Protocol........... 32
- Other relevant references.................................................................................. 33
- The application of Article 5.3 to cooperation with the tobacco industry on control of illicit trade 35
-
- THE POLITICAL RAMIFICATIONS OF ARTICLE 5.3 OF THE WHO
FCTC.................................................................................................................................... 37
-
- The nature of the FCTC being a so-called framework convention....................... 37
- The FCTC approach to Article 5.3 over time........................................................... 39
- The political impact of these developments in the area of illicit trade in tobacco products 43
- THE STATUS AND TRENDS ON ILLICIT TRADE IN TOBACCO PRODUCTS IN THE EU 44
- The accuracy of research on the overall levels of illicit trade................................ 45
- Data from the EU Commission on seizures of products from the four contracting tobacco companies 45
- Data from the EU Commission on overall seizures...................................... 47
- Data from the EU Commission on seizures of ‘cheap whites’ 2012-2014... 47
- Project Stella Data............................................................................................. 48
- The conclusions from the EU Commission on overall trends............................... 50
- The common ground of conclusions of EU Commission and Project Stella........ 51
- Questions to be considered......................................................................................... 52
- The accuracy of research on the overall levels of illicit trade................................ 45
- THE IMPACT OF TPD 2014 ON CONTROL OF ILLICIT TRADE IN TOBACCO 53
- The applicable provisions of the 2014 Tobacco Products Directive..................... 53
- The cooperation of the EU with the tobacco industry............................................ 57
- The benefits potentially lost through the expiry and non-renewal of the Industry
Agreements.................................................................................................................. 58
-
- The emerging picture in the new reality................................................................... 61
- THE OPTIMAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE EU AND THE INDUSTRY: RECOMMENDATIONS 62
- CONCLUDING REMARKS.................................................................................... 65
BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................................................. 66
Legal acts.............................................................................................................................. 66
Agreements.......................................................................................................................... 66
Case of law........................................................................................................................... 67
List of EU official documents............................................................................................ 67
List of WHO official documents....................................................................................... 68
Other official information materials................................................................................. 71
Scientific publications........................................................................................................ 72
Netography........................................................................................................................... 73
ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................................. 76
4
- Title: EU-Tobacco Industry Agreements and Beyond
- Author: Marina Foltea
- ISBN: 978-83-663-0016-3, 9788366300163
- Date of issue: 2020-12-28
- Format: Ebook
- Item ID: e_1wnp
- Publisher: Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN